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A shakha (Sanskrit ', "branch" or "limb"), is a Hindu theological school that specializes in learning certain Vedic texts, or else the traditional texts followed by such a school.〔V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column.〕〔Monier-Williams, A Sanskit-English Dictionary, p. 1062, right column.〕 An individual follower of a particular school or recension is called a '.〔V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 913, left column〕 The term is also used in Hindu philosophy to refer to an adherent of a particular orthodox system.〔E.g., Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. ''A Source Book in Indian Philosophy''. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. ISBN 0-691-01958-4. p. 560. The example is given here of a text which refers to a dispute involving ''śākhins'' () who do not accept a particular position.〕 A related term ', ("conduct of life" or "behavior") is also used to refer to such a Vedic school:〔V. S. Apte. ''A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary''. p. 429, middle column〕 "although the words ' and ' are sometimes used synonymously, yet ' properly applies to the sect or collection of persons united in one school, and ' to the traditional text followed, as in the phrase ', (''"he recites a particular version of the Veda"'')".〔 The schools have different points of view, described as "difference of (Vedic) school" ('). Each school would learn a specific Vedic (one of the "four Vedas" properly so-called), as well as its associated Brahmana, Aranyakas, Shrautasutras, Grhyasutras and Upanishads.〔〔 In traditional Hindu society affiliation with a specific school is an important aspect of class identity. By the end of the Rig Vedic period the term had come to be applied to all members of the priestly class, but there were subdivisions within this order based both on caste and on the shakha (branch) with which they were affiliated.〔Basham, A. L. ''The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent Before The Coming Of The Muslims''. (Grove Press, Inc.: New York, 1954) p. 139.〕 A who changed school would be called "a traitor to his ''śākhā''" (').〔 ==Summary of schools== The traditional source of information on the shakhas of each Veda is the ', of which two, mostly similar, versions exist: the 49th of the Atharvaveda, ascribed to Shaunaka, and the 5th ' of the Śukla (White) Yajurveda, ascribed to Kātyāyana. These have lists of the numbers of recensions that were believed to have once existed as well as those still extant at the time the works were compiled. Only a small number of recensions have survived.〔For a brief summary of the shakhas as given in Shaunaka's ' see: Monier-Williams, ''A Sanskit-English Dictionary'', p. 1062, right column.〕 The schools are enumerated below, categorised according to the Veda each expounds. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shakha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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